الخلاصة:
The beginning of the 5th Hidjri/11th century in Andalusia witnessed turmoil political conflicts which lead to the collapse of
the Umayyad dynasty and the emergence of the new era that was known as the “kings of sects” era, despite the political
conditions that this era witnessed, but the complete modern and scientific life has reached its high level, as a result of the
scientific development that the era of sects kings knew in general, and was characterized by the emergence of an elite
encyclopedic scholars who excelled in several rational sciences, and this does not mean neglecting specialization, also the
education of pure mental sciences, consequently there were famous scientists, pharmacists, astronomers, mathematicians, and
writers of high rank. This was evident through their contributions to mental sciences, including writing books and works, and
even innovations in machines such as astrolabes, medical devices and books that still abound in Andalusian and international
library in general.
