DSpace University Ghardaia

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Réduction des endomorphismes
(2025) MERABET Brahim
Les notions d’applications linéaires et de matrices occupent une place centrale en algèbre linéaire. Elles constituent des outils incontournables aussi bien pour les mathématiques pures que pour les sciences appliquées : analyse numérique, traitement du signal, mécanique, physique quantique, économie ou encore informatique. La puissance de ces concepts réside dans leur capacité à traduire des situations complexes en un langage algébrique simple et manipulable. Une application linéaire est, avant tout, une transformation qui respecte la structure vectorielle : elle conserve les combinaisons linéaires. Grâce à ce caractère, elle permet de modéliser un grand nombre de phénomènes où interviennent des relations proportionnelles et des superpositions d’effets. La représentation matricielle, quant à elle, offre un outil concret et efficace pour effectuer des calculs et pour mettre en évidence les propriétés essentielles de ces transformations. L’étude des matrices ne se limite pas à de simples manipulations algébriques. Elle ouvre la voie à des questions fondamentales : — Comment simplifier une application linéaire en choisissant une base adaptée ? — Quelles sont les informations contenues dans le polynôme caractéristique et le polynôme minimal ? — Peut-on calculer efficacement des puissances ou l’exponentielle d’une matrice ? — Quels liens unissent la structure interne d’un endomorphisme et ses valeurs propres ? Ces interrogations mènent naturellement à l’étude de la réduction des endomorphismes. Réduire une application linéaire, c’est trouver une base dans laquelle sa matrice prend une forme la plus simple possible. Selon les cas, il s’agira d’une matrice diagonale, triangulaire ou encore sous forme de Jordan. Ces formes réduites condensent toute l’information spectrale de l’endomorphisme et rendent accessibles des calculs autrement complexes, comme le calcul de puissances élevées ou de l’exponentielle de la matrice. Le premier chapitre de ce polycopié rappelle les bases : définition des applications linéaires, représentation matricielle, changement de base et notion de matrices semblables. Le deuxième chapitre introduit l’anneau des polynômes et développe la théorie des polynômes d’endomorphismes, en particulier le polynôme minimal et les polynômes annulateurs, outils clés de la réduction. Le troisième chapitre est consacré aux valeurs propres et vecteurs propres, au polynôme caractéristique et au théorème de Cayley-Hamilton. Ces résultats préparent à la diagonalisation, développée dans le quatrième chapitre, puis à la trigonalisation et enfin à la jordanisation, qui représente le cadre le plus général de simplification d’un endomorphisme. Enfin, le septième chapitre aborde l’exponentielle d’une matrice et son application à la résolution des équations différentielles linéaires à coefficients constants. Ce lien illustre la puissance de l’algèbre linéaire : un concept algébrique abstrait devient un outil concret pour résoudre des problèmes analytiques. Ainsi, ce cours a un double objectif : 1. Fournir une compréhension théorique solide des propriétés des endomorphismes et de leurs formes réduites. 2. Donner des méthodes pratiques pour effectuer des calculs utiles dans des contextes variés.
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Statut et écologie de l’avifaune urbaine de la région de Ghardaia (Sahara Septentrional)
(Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre, 2025-11-23) GUERBOUZ Affaf
This thesis explores the diversity and composition of bird communities in the city of Ghardaïa, located in the northern Algerian Sahara, between September 2022 and September 2024. The study aims to assess the influence of the urbanization gradient and vegetation structure on species richness, abundance, and community composition of avian species. Data were collected from listening points distributed across three contrasting habitat types: urban, semi-urban, and agricultural. Diversity indices (Shannon–Wiener, Margalef, Simpson) were calculated, and statistical analyses (one-way ANOVA) as well as multivariate analyses (NMDS, PERMANOVA) were used to test differences between habitats. A total of 44 species belonging to 10 orders and 23 families were recorded. Maximum diversity values were observed in semi-urban and agricultural habitats (H' = 3.82; Margalef = 3.66; Simpson = 0.92). Differences in richness, number of families, and abundance between habitats proved to be statistically significant. The results show that vegetation cover and floristic richness exert a positive and significant effect on avian richness, abundance, and diversity. Multivariate analyses highlight a clear structuring of bird assemblages according to the degree of urbanization. The study highlights the combined impact of vegetation and urbanization on the distribution and richness of bird species. It demonstrates that preserving avian diversity in the Saharan environment requires urban planning that integrates habitat conservation, ecological management of green spaces, and sustainable urban development in the Ghardaïa region.
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CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND RULES COURSE
(university of ghardaia, 2026) Cady Mokhtaria
This document deals with construction techniques and rules, and presents the various construction regulations and standards. In order to carry out our projects with a perfectly studied and controlled technical control, it is essential to know the distinct stages of establishment of reinforced concrete, metal and mixed structures, which represent the acts of engineering and it is the primordial imperative. The development of a project is conditioned by well-defined techniques; these are consecutive steps in sequence; from the preparation of the technical file through to site preparation, the construction of reinforced concrete structures as well as metal and mixed structures, right up to the acceptance of the work. All these steps are the subject of this course, without ignoring the introduction to the various earthquake-resistant regulations for safer constructions. This course is aimed at 3rd year Bachelor of Civil Engineering students, with the aim of introducing them to the process of designing and building structures, in order to facilitate and clarify their tasks in design offices and even on building sites. The construction operation was shown from a technical and technological point of view, and an introduction was given to the notions of the different regulations used in reinforced concrete, in accordance with the RPA. The present document is made up of six (08) chapters which will help our students to enrich their knowledge base previously obtained in the fourth semester. It is designed in accordance with the syllabus for the 2015. 2016 and approved by the Ministry of Higher Education and Research. The course is structured as follows: chapter 1, project design techniques, chapter 2, site preparation techniques, chapter 3, reinforced concrete construction techniques, chapter 4, steel and composite structures, chapter 5, introduction to the various regulations. Chapter 6, RPA 2024 seismic regulations, chapter 7, verification of reinforced concrete structures, and chapter 8, specification of structural elements specification for the main elements.
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فعالية الآليات القانونية لحماية حقوق الطفل بين المواثيق الدولية والتشريع الجزائري
(جامعة غرداية, 2026) رحماني جمال
تتناول هذه الدراسة فعالية الآليات القانونية لحماية حقوق الطفل من خلال تحليل الإطارين الدولي والوطني، حيث بينت أن المواثيق الدولية، وفي مقدمتها اتفاقية حقوق الطفل لسنة 1989، أرست منظومة تقوم على مبادئ المصلحة الفضلى وعدم التمييز وضمان البقاء والنماء والمشاركة، غير أن هذه المنظومة رغم تعدد آلياتها، تعاني قصورا بسبب ضعف وسائل الإلزام واعتمادها على تعاون الدول، أما على المستوى الوطني، فرغم ملاءمة المشرع الجزائري لتشريعاته مع الإلتزامات الدولية عبر استحداث قانون 15-12 وإنشاء هيئات تعنى بالطفولة، لكن تبقى فعالية هذه الآليات محدودة، وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن حماية حقوق الطفل، رغم طابعها العالمي، تظل في جوهرها قضية داخلية ترتبط بمدى توافر الإرادة السياسية لدى الدولة وقدرتها على تفعيل النصوص، وتنسيق جهود الهيئات المختصة، وترسيخ ثقافة حقوقية تجعل حماية الطفل ممارسة واقعية لا مجرد التزام قانوني. This study examines the effectiveness of the legal mechanisms for the protection of children's rights through an analysis of both the international and national frameworks. It demonstrates that international instruments, foremost the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, established a system based on the principles of the best interests of the child, non-discrimination, survival, development, and participation. However, this system, despite the multiplicity of its mechanisms, suffers from shortcomings due to weak enforcement tools and its reliance on the cooperation and goodwill of States. At the national level, and despite the Algerian legislator's efforts to align domestic laws with international obligations particularly through the adoption of Law 15-12 and the creation of bodies dedicated to childhood the effectiveness of these mechanisms remains limited. The study concludes that the protection of children's rights, despite its universal nature, is fundamentally a domestic matter linked to the extent of the State's political will, its capacity to implement legal provisions, coordinate the efforts of competent bodies, and foster a legal culture that makes child protection an actual practice rather than a mere formal obligation.
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المسؤولية المدنية عن أفعال التلوث البيئي
(جامعة غرداية, 2026) قادري عبد الرزاق
یتناول الموضوع إمكانیة المساءلة المدنیة للمتسببین بأفعالهم في تلویث البیئة، وذلك من أجل جبر وتعویض الأضرار البیئیة، سواء كانت هذه الأضرار مباشرة تصیب الأشخاص في ذواتهم وممتلكاتهم، أو أضرارا بیئیة محضة تصیب البیئة في عناصرها الطبیعیة أو أنظمتها الإیكولوجیة، وقد تباینت توجهات الفقه والتشریع والقضاء حول الأساس الذي تقوم علیه هذه المسؤولیة، خاصة أمام عجز القواعد العامة في القانون المدني على إنصاف ضحایا التلوث البیئي. وأمام ضرورة إصلاح الضرر البیئي المحض، وتعویض الشخص المتضرر بیئیا، تناولت هذه الدراسة فكرتي التأمین من المسؤولیة المدنیة، وصنادیق الضمان الخاصة، كأنظمة بدیلة بات دورها ضروریا، أمام عدم كفایة نظام المسؤولیة المدنیة في ضمان وتقریر تعویض مناسب لضحایا أفعال التلوث البیئي. This study addresses the possibility of civil liability for those who, through their actions, contribute to environmental pollution, with the aim of remedying and compensating for environmental damages. Such damages may either be direct, affecting individuals in their persons and property, or purely environmental, impacting the natural elements or ecological systems of the environment. Jurisprudence, legislation, and judicial practice have diverged on the legal basis upon which such liability rests, particularly given the inadequacy of the general provisions of civil law in ensuring justice for victims of environmental pollution.In light of the necessity to repair purely environmental damage and to compensate individuals harmed environmentally, this research discusses the concepts of liability insurance and special guarantee funds as alternative systems. Their role has become essential due to the insufficiency of the civil liability system in guaranteeing and providing appropriate compensation for the victims of environmental pollution.